DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
¶51Referring now to the various figures of the drawing wherein like reference characters refer to like parts, there is shown in FIGS. 1-3 various views of a drilling apparatus 100 according to an aspect of the present invention that is generally comprised of a platform assembly 200 , a pivot arm assembly 300 and drill assembly 400 . As hereinafter described in more detail, the pivot arm assembly 300 is removably secured to the platform assembly 200 and the platform assembly is removably secured to the bone or bony structure so as to maintain the pivot point of the pivot arm assembly in general fixed relation to the bone or bony structure. The drill assembly 400 is removably secured to the pivot arm assembly 300 so as to maintain the end of the drill assembly including the bit 410 or drill end in fixed relation with respect to the pivot arm 302 of the pivot arm assembly. Consequently, as the pivot arm 302 is rotated about the pivot point, the bit 410 follows a predetermined arcuate, curved or circular path in the bone or bony structure as defined by the length of the pivot arm.
¶52For purposes of illustrating the drilling apparatus 100 of the present invention, reference hereinafter is generally made to the structure and structural features or elements of a mammalian spine, however, this shall not be construed as limiting the use and application of the drilling apparatus of the present invention to these applications. It is contemplated and as such within the scope of the present invention to adapt the drilling apparatus of the present invention and the methods related thereto so the drilling apparatus is used so as to form grooves or arcuate passages in bones or bony structures of the mammalian body in which grooves is received a curved rod or other member as is hereinafter described thereby stabilizing and/supporting the bone or bony structure.
¶53The platform assembly 200 includes a frame 202 , a plurality of first path guards 204 and a mechanism for securing the frame to the bone or bony structure. In the illustrated embodiment, the securing mechanism comprises a plurality of nail members 206 that each pass respectively through each of the frame 202 and the first path guards and so as to be disposed in the bone or bony structure as herein described. In further embodiments, and as hereinafter described, the platform assembly 200 can further include a second path guard 204 b , in cases where the drilling apparatus 100 is used to form a groove or recess in an outer surface of the bone or bony structure thereby providing a protective structure between the moving and rotating drill bit 410 and the tissues or other structures or features of the mammalian body (e.g., nerves, blood vessels) that are proximal the bone or bony structure outer surface.
¶54The frame 202 is configured and arranged so as to form an essentially rigid structure and frame work to which the pivot arm assembly 300 is removable attached and at least one and more particularly two through passages 210 that communicate with a corresponding passage in the first path guards 204 . The through passages 210 and the corresponding passage in the first path guards 204 are each configured and arranged so as to allow the outer tube member 402 of the drill assembly to pass there through as the pivot arm 302 is being rotated or pivoted about the pivot point. The frame 202 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, the frame 202 is made from stainless steel such as a stainless steel bar stock.
¶55The first path guards 204 are secured to the frame 202 so as to extend downwardly from a bottom surface 210 b therefrom. Each of the first path guards 204 are arranged so as to include a generally centrally located through passage, through which the outer tube member 402 and the drill bit 410 or burr of the drill assembly 400 are passed. In addition, each of the first path guards 204 are configured and arranged so as to include a plurality of through passages 220 , one for each of the nail members 206 . Each of the nail member through passages 220 also are preferably formed in the first guard member so as to present constricted holes that firmly grab the nail member within the corresponding through passage. In this way, the gripping action of the through passages and the lateral stiffness of the nail members 206 provides a mechanism for supporting and fixing the frame 202 , and in turn the pivot point's relation with respect to the bone, bony structure or spine. In use, each of the nail members 206 are passed through the through aperture 208 in the frame 202 and driven through the through passage 220 of the first path guard 204 .
¶56In more particular embodiments, each through passage 220 is configured and arranged so that the passages are over sized with respect to the diameter of the nail members 206 and a portion of the through passage forms a land or raised region comprising a constriction region. More particularly, the constricted region is located above or from the lower end of the through passage such that the pointed ends of each nail member 206 are not exposed when the nail members 206 are initially pressed into the platform assembly 200 . In this way, each of the nail members 206 are confined within the first path guard 204 prior to positioning of the platform assembly 200 in the surgical field amidst vital structures or features of the mammalian body.
¶57The first path guards 204 are constructed from any of a number of materials known to those skilled in the art that are appropriate for the intended use and so as to provide a medium that can form a protective barrier between the drill path and the tissues including nerves and blood vessels that are proximal the site of the bone, bony structure or spine to be drilled. In exemplary embodiments, the first path guards 204 are made form a plastic material such as, but not limited to, polycarbonate. In further embodiments, the end of the first path guard 204 proximal the bone, bony structure or spine is configured and arranged so as to include a soft conformal region that contact and seal against the surface of the bone, bony structure or spine. Alternatively, a conformable material may be disposed in the space, if any, between the base or bottom surface of each first path guard 204 and the opposing surface of the bone, bony structure or spine (e.g., vertebral cortex).
¶58The nail members 206 are configured and arranged so that each extends from a top surface 210 a of the frame 200 , through the frame and the first path guard 204 and a sufficient distance into the bone, bony structure or spine to fix and secure the frame thereto. In addition, each of the nail members 206 also is configured and arranged so at least a portion thereof has a diameter that is set so that this portion of the nail member is gripped within the constricted region of the through passage 220 of the first path guards 204 as herein described.
¶59Each of the nail members 206 includes a head portion 230 and a shaft portion 232 one end of which is mechanically coupled to the head portion using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that yields a nail member that is capable of being driven into the bone, bony structure or spine and removed therefrom. In further embodiments, the nail member 206 is formed such that the head portion 230 is integral with the shaft portion 232 . In particular embodiments, the head portion 230 is configured and arranged so as to allow the nail member 206 to be driven through and into the bone, bony structure or spine and later removed therefrom. In further embodiments, the head portion 230 is further configured so as to include a through aperture or hole extending generally laterally or radially through the head portion, the through aperture being configured to receive one or more suture lines therein for interoperative locating.
¶60The other end of the shaft portion 232 is configured so as to form a pointed end that is appropriately configured and shaped for insertion into the bone, bony structure or spine and for securing the pointed end and a portion of the shaft member in such bone, bony structure or spine. In illustrative embodiments, the pointed end is configured to form a non-cutting pencil point end that wedges the end into the bone, bony structure or spine.
¶61In the illustrated embodiment, four nail members 206 are driven through each of the first guard members 204 and into the bone or bony structure or spine. This shall not be construed as a limitation as the number and placement of the nail members is not so particularly limited as each end of the frame 202 can be secured to the bone or bony structure using one or more and more particularly two or more nail members 206 . It also should be recognized that other mechanisms known to those skilled in the art, such as screws or threaded devices, are contemplated for use with the present invention.
¶62Each of the nail members 206 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, the nail member 206 is made from a metal such as stainless steel.
¶63Referring now also to FIGS. 4-5 , the pivot arm assembly 300 includes a radial arm or pivot arm 302 , a pivot pin bracket 304 and a pivot pin 306 . The pivot pin bracket 304 includes side plates 310 and finger pads 312 that are secured to the side plates, where the pivot pin extends between the side plates. The pivot pin 306 is received within an aperture 320 in the pivot arm such that the pivot arm can rotate about a pivot axis 321 .
¶64The pivot pin bracket 304 , more particularly the side plates 310 thereof, is generally configured and arranged so as to secure the pivot arm assembly 300 to the platform assembly 200 so as to prevent the disengagement of the pivot arm assembly and correspondingly the drill assembly 400 from the platform assembly when it is being rotated from the fully retracted position of the pivot arm. More particularly, the side plates thereof are configured and arranged such that the bracket can be removed from the platform assembly 200 when the pivot arm is in the fully retracted position.
¶65In particular embodiments, the side plates 310 are configured so as to form spring members that can slide in mating grooves provided on opposing inside surfaces of the platform assembly frame 202 . In addition, the side plates 310 further include binding head screws that engage complimentary holes within the mating grooves to lock the pivot pin bracket 304 in place. A finger pad 312 is secured to an end of each side plate so as to facilitate placement and removal of the pivot pin bracket 304 in the platform assembly. In illustrative embodiments, the finger pads 312 are configured with so as to include concavities 313 that the fingertips of the user can engage to thereby facilitate placement and removal of the pivot pin bracket 304 .
¶66The pivot arm 302 is configured and arranged so an end 322 thereof includes an aperture 320 so the pivot arm 302 can be mounted upon the pivot pin such that the pivot arm 302 can rotate or swing about the pivot pin 306 . The pivot arm 302 also is configured and arranged so as to include a mating portion 324 that receives therein and mates with a feature of the drill assembly 400 so as to removably secure the drill assembly 300 to the pivot arm 302 . The mating portion 324 is located distal from the end 322 of the pivot arm 302 that is mounted upon the pivot pin 306 . Also, the length of the pivot arm 304 , and more particularly the distance between the pivot axis 321 and the mating portion 324 , establishes or control the radius of curvature of the hole or recess being formed in the bone, bony structure or spine by rotation of the pivot arm 302 . It should be noted that this radius of curvature or diameter is different from the diameter of the hole or recess formed by the rotation drill bit 410 or bur. As such, it is contemplated that pivot arms 302 will be provided that have lengths set that are appropriate for the given geometry and physical make-up of the mammalian body.
¶67The platform assembly 200 and pivot arm assembly 300 of the present invention advantageously creates a mechanism that allows tissue, muscle, blood vessels (e.g., aorta) and nerves to pass under and around the platform assembly and also to localize the drilling elements of the drill assembly 400 within the structure of the platform assembly. In addition, the pivot arm assembly 300 in combination with the platform assembly provides a mechanism to control the radial movement or radial motion of the drilling elements of the drill assembly 400 from their insertion into the bone or bony structure as well as the retraction from the bone or bony structure such that the drilling elements traverse a specific radius of curvature during such insertion and retraction. In this way, the drilling apparatus of the present invention also controls the maximum depth within the bone or bony structure the drilling elements can attain during use. Thus, and in contrast to conventional techniques, devices and instrumentalities, the drilling apparatus 100 of the present invention provides a mechanism that protects tissues, blood vessels and nerves from damage while the drilling elements of the drill assembly 400 are being inserted into and withdrawn from the bone or bony structure as well as assuring that the drilling elements will follow a generally fixed path such that the drilling elements do not come into contact with nor damage the tissues, blood vessels and nerves proximal to and surrounding the bone or bony structure while the hole or recess is being formed in the bone or bony structure. Consequently, the drilling apparatus 100 of the present invention minimizes the potential for damage without having to rely solely on the dexterity or skill of the surgeon, as is done with conventional techniques and devices.
¶68In further embodiments, at least a segment or a part of the mating portion 324 is configured and arranged so as to complement the shape of the drive assembly feature being received therein. For example, and as illustrated, a portion or part of the key 404 of the drill assembly is configured so as to be polygonal in shape and the mating portion 324 is configured so as to include a polygonal shaped recess for receiving therein the hexagonal surfaces of the key. Such polygonal shapes includes but are not limited to a square, triangular, rectangular or hexagonal shapes.
¶69In yet further embodiments, the pivot arm 302 is configured and arranged so as to include a finger grip 326 at or proximal and end of the pivot arm that is opposite to the end 322 mounted upon the pivot pin 306 . The finger grip 326 presents a structural element or feature that is configured to allow the thumb and/or fingers of the user to grasp the finger grip so as to thereby control rotation of the pivot arm and to also control the drilling pressure (i.e., pressure being exerted by the drill bit 410 on the bone or bony structure while drilling the hole or recess therein). In illustrated embodiments, the finger grip 326 presents a small tab having bilateral concavities that allow the finger tips to grasp it or a through aperture.
¶70Each of the pivot arm 302 , pivot pin 306 , side plates 310 and finger pads 312 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, any one or more of the foregoing elements of the pivot arm assembly 300 is made from a metal such as stainless steel.
¶71Referring now also to FIGS. 6-7 there is shown a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of drill assembly 400 of the present invention. There also are shown in FIGS. 8-9 various views of portions or segments of such a drill assembly and/or embodiments thereof. The drill assembly 400 generally forms a curved structure, more particularly a curved tubular structure, that is attached to the pivot arm 302 as herein described and which thus swings around the pivot point or pivot axis 321 . In use, the chill bit 410 rotates about its axis while this axis is held tangent to and swept along an arc of constant radius as defined by the distance between the mating portion 324 of the pivot arm 302 and the pivot axis 321 . This movement results in or yields a toroidal hole.
¶72The drill assembly includes an outer tube member 402 , a key 404 , a flexible inner housing 406 , a drive cable 408 , a drill bit 410 or burr, a barbed fitting 412 , a drive adapter 414 . In further embodiments, the drill assembly includes a distal drive cable bearing 416 and a proximal drive cable bearing 418 . Any one of a number of motors 20 or motor drive assemblies as is known in the art having sufficient power (e.g., torque) and rotational speed are coupled to the drive adapter 414 including but not limited to the Micro100 (Linvatech/Hall Surgical 5053-009) or Blackmax (Anspach Blackmax-KT-0). The drive adapter 414 is a swage-type of fitting that is configured and arranged so it can be swaged upon one end of the drive cable 408 . The drive adapter 414 also is configured and arranged so as to provide an input end arrangement that can be mechanically coupled to the output end of a variety of motors or motor drive assemblies or drills including those identified herein.
¶73The outer tube member 402 is curved to a predetermined radius of curvature so that the centerline thereof is a set distance from the pivot axis 321 of the pivot arm 302 . The key 404 and the distal cable bearing 416 are secured to the outer tube using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the materials comprising these elements or features. In exemplary embodiments, the key 404 and the distal cable bearing 416 are secured to the outer tube member by brazing or soldering. In more particular embodiments, the distal drive cable bearing 416 is secured to the outer tube member 402 such that the outer edge of the outer race of the bearing lies in a radial plane from the pivot point, whereby the axis of the drill bit 410 or burr is arranged so as to tangent to the centerline of the arc of the outer tube member.
¶74The key 404 is generally cylindrical in construction and serves to align and anchor the outer tube member 401 to the pivot arm assembly 300 , more particularly the pivot arm 302 . As indicated herein, a portion 405 of the key 404 is configured so as to provide a surface feature, artifact or contour that complements at least a part of the mating portion 324 of the pivot arm. In the illustrated embodiment, the portion 405 of the key 404 forms an external polygonal feature that mates to the internal polygonal feature provided in the pivot arm mating portion. The key 404 also is configured and arranged so as to be secured to the mating portion using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, a portion of the key is configured so as to include a external thread and a part of the mating portion 324 is configured so as to include a complementary threaded element or feature in an aperture thereof. In use, the key is articulated so as to threadably secure or lock the key 404 to the pivot arm 302 . Other techniques for securing, such as brazing, soldering and adhesives are contemplated for use with the present invention.
¶75The key 404 includes a through aperture that is coupled to the inner region or area of the outer tube member 402 . The diameter of the key through aperture and the outer tube member are set so as to at least allow the flexible inner housing 406 and the drive cable 408 to pass there through. The flexible inner housing 406 extends from the distal end 401 of the outer tube member 402 to the barbed fitting 412 . The flexible inner housing 406 is a generally tubular member of flexible construction, such as Teflon for example, for housing the drive cable 408 . In particular embodiments, the flexible inner housing 406 is a small diameter tubular member (i.e., smaller than the inner diameter of the outer tube member) and is secured the key 404 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, which are appropriate for the materials of use. In an exemplary embodiment, the flexible inner housing is secured to the key 404 using an adhesive, such as a medical grade adhesive.
¶76The barbed fitting 412 is secured to the end of the flexible inner housing that is opposite to the drill bit 410 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, which are appropriate for the materials of use. The end of the barbed fitting 412 being secured to the flexible inner housing 406 also is received within the flexible inner housing. In particular embodiments, the barbed fitting 412 is configured and arranged so the end being received in the flexible inner housing 406 is secured thereto by an interference fit. In further exemplary embodiments, the interference fit is augmented by use of an adhesive, such as a medical grade adhesive.
¶77The proximal drive cable bearing 418 is disposed within the barbed fitting 412 in which is received the drive cable 408 . In particular embodiments, the proximal drive cable bearing 418 is retained within the barbed fitting 412 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, the proximal drive cable bearing is secured to the barbed fitting using one of soldering, brazing or adhesives.
¶78The distal and proximal drive cable bearings 416 , 418 are any of a number of bearing assemblies known to those skilled in the art and appropriate for the intended use. In particular embodiments, the distal and proximal drive cable bearing 416 , 418 are miniature ball bearing assemblies as is known to those skilled in the art (e.g., SR133zz MSC 35380799, 0.9375″ bore, 0.1875″ OD, 0.0937″ width, double shielded).
¶79In an alternative embodiment, the inner housing is a double curved inner tube of a fixed non-flexible construction. The double curved inner tube has two radii of curvature, the first radius of curvature involves all but the most distal section of the inner tube and the second radius of curvature involves a smaller portion of the inner tube. The second radius of curvature is set so as to bring the path of the drive cable 408 around so as to enter the proximal end of the distal drive cable bearing 416 in the correct direction. In this way, the fixed inner tube can be configured and arranged so as to swing wide and make a turn to enter essentially parallel to the axis of an end fitting being swaged to the end of the inner tube. In this way, fatiguing of the drive cable 408 can be minimized and misalignment of the drive cable and the inner tube proximal the end of the inner tube can be minimized.
¶80Although specific embodiments are described herein for the outer tube member 402 and the inner tube member or flexible inner housing 406 this shall not be considered as particularly limiting. The present invention contemplates adapting the present invention using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art whereby a cable is generally turned through a protected series of rigid or flexible cannulas or tubes such that a bit operably coupled to one end of the cable can turn at an end of the outer tube or cannula.
¶81The drill bit 410 or burr is any of a number of cutting tools or implements known to those skilled in the art and appropriate for the intended use, speed and power developed by the drive motor 20 and the material to be drilled. In particular illustrative embodiments, the drill bit 410 or burr is a spade bit such as that shown in FIGS. 6-8 , alternatively and with reference to FIG. 9 , the drill bit is a hemispherical bit 410 a.
¶82The drive cable 408 is a flexible cable that is more particularly comprised of a large number of smaller strands of an appropriate material, including but not limited to steel, stainless steel, and titanium, that are compound wound using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art so as to yield a flexible cable having the desired width, length, flexibility and strength characteristics. In a particularly illustrative embodiment, the drive cable 408 is a custom wound 1.8 mm (0.072 in.) diameter 7×19 left regular lay strand wound cable. In more particular aspects, the drive cable 408 is manufactured so as to be capable of being rotated or turned at a high rate of speed or revolution while maintaining its flexibility and such that right hand turning of the cable should not result in the unwinding or loosening of construction.
¶83In particular embodiments, the length (“Ldc”) of the drive cable 408 shall be controlled so as to maintain a relationship with the length of the portion of the drive cable (“Ldci”) that is disposed within the outer cannula or outer tube 402 or correspondingly the arc length of the outer tube. In more particular embodiments, the relationship between the length of the drive cable 408 and the length of the portion of the drive cable within the outer tube 402 satisfies the following relationship Ldc≤4×Ldci; more particularly satisfies the relationship Ldc≤3×Ldci, and more specifically satisfies the relationship Ldc≤2×Ldci. In more specific embodiments, the length of the drive cable 408 is set based on the particular application or material to be drilled. For example, the overall cable length is shortened or lengthened based on the relative hardness of the material in which the channel or opening is to be formed in the bone or bony structure. In further embodiments, the flexible inner housing 406 is configured and arranged so as to have a length that satisfies the foregoing relationships.
¶84Referring now to FIG. 17 there is shown a side view of a drilling apparatus 1000 according to another aspect of the present invention that is illustrated being disposed upon adjacent vertebral bodies. Reference shall be made to FIGS. 1-3 and 6-9 and the discussion related thereto for features and functions not provided in the following discussion. Such a drilling apparatus 1000 includes a platform assembly 1200 and a drill assembly 1300 .
¶85The platform assembly 1200 includes a frame member 1202 and a plurality of path guard members 1204 and a mechanism for securing the frame to the bone or bony structure. As with the drilling apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 , the securing mechanism comprises a plurality of nail members 206 that each pass respectively through each of the path guard members 1204 so as to be disposed in the bone or bony structure as herein described. In further embodiments, and as hereinafter described, the platform assembly 1200 can further include a second path guard 205 , in cases where the drilling apparatus 1000 is used to form a groove or recess in an outer surface of the bone or bony structure thereby providing a protective structure between the moving and rotating drill bit 410 and the tissues or other structures or features of the mammalian body (e.g., nerves, blood vessels) that are proximal the bone or bony structure outer surface.
¶86The frame member 1202 and the first guard members 1204 are configured and arranged so as to form an essentially rigid structure and frame work to which the drill assembly 1300 is removable attached and at least one and more particularly two through passages 1205 . Each of the through passages 1205 are configured and arranged so as to allow the outer tube member 402 of the drill assembly 1300 to pass there through as drill bit 410 is being is being rotated or pivoted about the pivot point. The frame member 1202 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, the frame member 1202 is made from stainless steel such as a stainless steel bar stock.
¶87The first path guard members 1204 are secured to the frame member 1202 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art so that the through aperture 1205 extends downwardly towards a bottom surface thereof. As indicated above, the though passage 1205 in each of the first path guard members 1204 are arranged so the outer tube member 402 and the drill bit 410 or burr of the drill assembly 1300 are passed there through. In addition, each of the first path guard members 1204 are configured and arranged so as to include a plurality of through passages, one for each of the nail members. Reference shall be made to the foregoing discussion for the nail member through passages 220 of FIG. 1 for further detail and characteristics of these nail member through apertures.
¶88The frame member 1202 also is configured and arranged so as to provide a mechanism for guiding the drill assembly 1300 such that the drill bit 410 thereof follows a predetermined arc or radius of rotation. In illustrative embodiments, the frame member 1202 is configured so as to include a web portion 1210 that extends width wise along the circumferential length of the frame member. In further embodiments, the frame member 1202 is configured and arranged so as to form a step region or a discontinuous radial region 1212 at the ends of the frame member proximal the first guard members 1204 so as to form in effect a radial stop.
¶89The drill assembly 1300 generally forms a curved structure, more particularly a curved tubular structure, that is coupled to the frame member 1202 as herein described and which thus swings around a pivot point or pivot axis that is defined by the frame member 1202 . In use, the drill bit 410 rotates about its axis while this axis is held tangent to and swept along an arc of constant radius as defined by the pivot pint. This movement results in or yields a toroidal hole in the bone or bony structure.
¶90The drill assembly includes an outer tube member 402 , a key 404 , a flexible inner housing 406 , a drive cable 408 , a drill bit 410 or burr, a barbed fitting 412 , a drive adapter 414 and moveable mount member 1310 . In further embodiments, the drill assembly includes a distal drive cable bearing 416 and a proximal drive cable bearing 418 . As indicated above reference shall be made to FIGS. 1-3 and 6-9 for details and characteristics of the drill assembly 1000 not otherwise shown in FIG. 17 or described hereinafter.
¶91The moveable mount member 1310 includes a frame member mounting portion 1312 and a drill assembly mating portion 1314 that form an integral structure. The frame member mounting portion 1312 is configured and arranged so as to be slidably mounted upon the frame member 1202 , more specifically the web portion 1210 thereof. Thus, motion of the frame member mounting portion 1312 along the circumference of the frame member 1202 causes the drill bit 410 to in effect rotate about a fixed point, the pivot point defined by the arcuate portion of the frame member.
¶92As with the mating portion 324 of the pivot arm 302 , the drill assembly member mating portion 1314 is configured and arranged so as to receive therein the drill assembly key 404 . Reference shall be made to the discussion herein for the pivot arm mating portion 324 and the drill assembly key 404 for further details and characteristics of the drill assembly mating portion 1314 .
¶93In further embodiments, the moveable mount member 1310 is configured and arranged so as to include a finger grip 1316 at or proximal an end of the mount member 1310 that is opposite to the end frame member 1302 . The finger grip 1316 presents a structural element or feature that is configured to allow the thumb and/or fingers of the user to grasp the finger grip so as to thereby control movement of the moveable mount member 1310 , rotation of the drill bit 410 and to also control the drilling pressure (i.e., pressure being exerted by the drill bit 410 on the bone or bony structure while drilling the hole or recess therein. In illustrated embodiments, the finger grip 1316 presents a small tab having bilateral concavities that allow the finger tips to grasp it or a through aperture.
¶94In an alternative embodiment, the frame member 1202 is configured and arranged so as to comprise two sub-members being spaced from each other. The two sub-members further include a slot or other feature in opposing surfaces of the sub-members, which slot or other feature extends in the circumferential direction. In this embodiment, the frame mounting portion 1312 of the movable mount member 1310 is configured and arranged so as to be received in and slide within the slot in each of the opposing surfaces. In this way, the drill bit 410 can be rotated about a fixed point defined by the circumferentially arranged slots in the two sub-members. The foregoing is illustrative of a couple of techniques for configuring the frame member 1302 and the frame member mount portion 1312 so the drill bit 410 can be rotated about a fixed point being defined by the structure of the frame member, however, the foregoing shall not be considered limiting as it is within the scope of the present invention to adapt the drilling apparatus of the present inventions so as to provide a mechanism by which the drill bit can be rotated about a fixed point and/or such that the drill bit follows a fixed path during the drilling process.
¶95Referring now to FIGS. 18A-C there are shown various views of a drilling apparatus 100 a according to yet another aspect of the present invention that is generally comprised of a platform assembly 200 , a pivot arm assembly 300 a and a drill assembly 400 a . Reference shall be made to FIGS. 1-9 and the discussion related thereto for features and functions in common with the above-described drilling apparatus 100 shown thereon and not more particularly provided in the following discussion or shown in FIGS. 18A-C . Reference also shall be made to FIGS. 1-9 and the discussion related thereto for details concerning the removably attachment of the pivot arm 300 a to the platform assembly 200 and the removable securing of the platform assembly 200 to the bone or bony structure.
¶96The pivot arm assembly 302 a includes a radial arm or pivot arm 302 a , a pivot pin bracket 304 and a pivot pin 306 . The pivot pin bracket 304 includes side plates 310 and finger pads 312 that are secured to the side plates, where the pivot pin extends between the side plates. The pivot pin 306 is received within an aperture 320 in the pivot arm 302 a such that the pivot arm can rotate about a pivot axis 321 . The pivot arm 302 a is configure and arranged so as to include a mating portion 324 a that is distal from the end 322 of the pivot arm that is mounted upon the pivot pin. In further embodiments, the pivot arm includes a finger grip 326 a . Reference shall be made to the foregoing discussion for FIGS. 1-9 for further details of the pivot pin bracket 304 , the pivot pin 306 , and certain features of the pivot arm 302 a not described further below. Reference also shall be made to the discussion above for the pivot arm 302 and the finger grip 326 for further details regarding the construction other characteristics for the pivot arm 302 a and finger grip 326 features not expressly described below or shown in FIGS. 18A-C .
¶97The drill assembly includes a curved or arcuate member 452 , a drive cable 456 , a drill bit 410 or burr, a drive adapter 414 and a distal drive cable bearing 416 . Reference shall be made to the foregoing discussion for FIGS. 1-9 for further details of the drill bit 410 , the drive adapter 414 and the distal drive cable bearing 416 not otherwise provided below or shown on FIGS. 18A-C . Reference also shall be made to the discussion above for the drive cable 408 for further details regarding the construction, width and other features not expressly described below.
¶98As indicated herein any one of a number of motors 20 or motor drive assemblies as is known in the art having sufficient power (e.g., torque) and rotational speed are coupled to the drive adapter 414 including but not limited to the Micro100 (Linvatech/Hall Surgical 5053-009) or Blackmax (Anspach Blackmax-KT-0). The drive adapter 414 is a swage-type of fitting that is configured and arranged so it can be swaged upon one end of the drive cable 456 . The drive adapter 414 also is configured and arranged so as to provide an input end arrangement that can be mechanically coupled to the output end of a variety of motors or motor drive assemblies or drills including those identified herein.
¶99The pivot arm mating portion 324 a is secured to a portion of the drill assembly curved or arcuate member 452 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that are appropriate for the use and materials used in the construction of these features. In a specific embodiment, the arcuate member 452 is removably secured to the pivot arm- mating portion 324 a (e.g., mechanical fasteners, adhesives) and in other embodiment the arcuate member is secured to the pivot arm-mating portion (e.g., adhesives, soldering, brazing) so as to form an integral structure. In further embodiments, at least a segment or portion of the pivot arm- mating portion 324 a is configured and arranged so as to complement the shape of the portion of the arcuate member 452 being received therein. For example and as illustrated in FIGS. 18A-B , the arcuate member 324 also has a curved or arcuate cross-section. Thus, the pivot arm mating portion 324 a is configured so as to receive therein a curved member having a curved or arcuate cross section. This shall not be considered limiting as the arcuate member 452 can be configured and arranged so as to have any of a number of external cross-sectional shapes.
¶100As indicated above, the arcuate member 452 forms a curved structure that is attached to the pivot arm 302 a as herein described and which thus swings around the pivot point or pivot axis 321 . In use, the drill bit 410 rotates about its axis while this axis is held tangent to and swept along an arc of constant radius as defined by the distance between the mating portion 324 a of the pivot arm 302 a and the pivot axis 321 . This movement results in or yields a toroidal hole.
¶101The arcuate member 452 is curved to a predetermined radius of curvature so that the centerline thereof is a set distance from the pivot axis 321 of the pivot arm 302 a . In further embodiments, the arcuate member 452 is a tubular like member having a portion of the tubular structure removed so the arcuate member 452 includes a dished area or depressed region 453 in which is received the drive cable 456 as hereinafter described. In an illustrative embodiment, the dished area or depressed region 453 is generally curved or circular in cross-section as more clearly illustrated in FIGS. 18 A, C. This, however, shall not be limiting as other geometric shapes are within the scope of the present invention that do not unduly impair the rotational capability of the drive cable 456 when received in the depressed region 453 . In further embodiments, the dished area or depressed region 453 of the arcuate member 452 is sized and arranged so as to be capable of removably receiving therein the drive cable 456 and, more particularly so external surfaces of the drive cable are within an envelope or boundary defined by the depressed region 453 of the arcuate member.
¶102The distal end 451 of the arcuate member 452 provides a structure in which the distal cable bearing 416 can be secured therein using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the materials comprising these elements or features. In exemplary embodiments, the distal cable bearing 416 is secured within the arcuate member distal end 451 by brazing or soldering. Such a structure also provides a fixed point of attachment for the drive cable 456 such that that end of the drive cable and the drill bit 410 moves with the rotation of the arcuate member about the pivot axis 321 . In more particular embodiments, the distal drive cable bearing 416 is secured within the arcuate member 452 such that the outer edge of the outer race of the bearing lies in a radial plane from the pivot point, whereby the axis of the drill bit 410 or burr is arranged so as to be tangent to the centerline of the arc of the arcuate member.
¶103When drilling of an aperture or hole in the bone or bony structure is desired, the surgeon or medical personnel applies a force to the finger portion 326 a so as to cause the arcuate member 452 to rotate about the pivot axis 321 and so as to cause the distal end 451 of the arcuate member to also rotate about the pivot axis. As the arcuate member distal end 451 rotates through the platform assembly 200 , the drive cable 456 also is drawn along with the distal end and also is received in the depressed region 453 of the arcuate member (e.g., as the cable passes below the platform assembly 200 ). In this way, the rotating drive cable 456 is caused to lie within the depressed region 453 while the drive cable 456 is disposed within the bone or bony structure as the channel or aperture is being formed in the bone or bony structure as hereinafter described.
¶104The arcuate member 452 according to this aspect of the present invention minimizes stress on the drive cable and reduces the amount of access required by the surgeon to perform the surgical procedure. The arrangement, however, also yields an apparatus that advantageously creates a mechanism that allows tissue, muscle, blood vessels (e.g., aorta) and nerves to pass under and around the platform assembly 200 and also to localize the drilling elements of the drill assembly 400 a within the structure of the platform assembly. In addition, the pivot arm assembly 300 a in combination with the platform assembly 200 provides a mechanism to control the radial movement radius or motion of the drilling elements of the drill assembly 400 a from their insertion into the bone or bony structure as well as the retraction from the bone or bony structure such that the drilling elements traverse a specific radius of curvature during such insertion and retraction. In this way, the drilling apparatus 100 a according to this aspect of the present invention also controls the maximum depth within the bone or bony structure the drilling elements can attain during use. Thus, and in contrast to conventional techniques, devices and instrumentalities, the drilling apparatus 100 a of the present invention provides a mechanism that protects tissues, blood vessels and nerves from damage while the drilling elements of the drill assembly 400 a are being inserted into and withdrawn from the bone or bony structure as well as assuring that the drilling elements will follow a generally fixed path such that the drilling elements do not come into contact with nor damage the tissues, blood vessels and nerves proximal to and surrounding the bone or bony structure while the hole or recess is being formed in the bone or bony structure. Consequently, the drilling apparatus 100 a of the present invention minimizes the potential for damage without having to rely solely on the dexterity or skill of the surgeon as is done with conventional techniques and devices.
¶105Upon completion of the procedure involving use of the drill assembly 100 of the present invention, and as described herein, the nail members 206 are acted upon so as to remove each of the nail members from the bone or bony structure or spine. This removal can be accomplished using any of a number of techniques or devices known those skilled in the art. In particular embodiments of the present invention, and with reference to FIGS. 10A ,B, there is shown a side view and an end view respectively of a nail member removal device 500 according to the present invention. Reference also should be made to FIG. 11 , which illustrates the removal technique using such a nail member removal device 500 .
¶106The nail member removal device 500 includes a block member 502 and a knurled screw member 506 . The block member 502 includes a through passage that extends lengthwise in the block member so as to form a saddle structure that can straddle and slide along side rails 203 of the frame 202 . In further embodiments, the block member 502 includes a slotted passage 512 that extends from a bottom surface to a top surface of the block member and extends partially lengthwise to a surface of the through aperture 504 or hole that is formed in the block member. The slotted passage 512 also is generally sized so to allow the block member to slide past the head portion 230 that is sticking up above the top surface 210 a of the frame, more particularly the side rails thereof.
¶107The threaded aperture 504 or hole is positioned within the block member 502 so that it can be centered over one of the head portions 230 of the nail members 206 . In use, the nail members 206 are typically driven into the bone or bony structure such that a bottom surface of the head portion 230 is proud of or above the frame top surface 210 a . As such a lower portion of the knurled screw member 506 is machined so as to include a side pocket 514 therein. The side pocket 514 is made in the screw member 506 so as to have sufficient depth (e.g., width) and length to accommodate the head portion coaxially therein. The bottom segment of the screw member 506 also includes a notch that extends generally radially to allow the nail member shaft portion 232 to be received therein and so as to be also coaxial with the screw member.
¶108In particular embodiments, when the screw member 506 is rotated in one direction (e.g., clockwise) the side pocket 514 can be aligned with the slotted through passage 512 and thus be ready to receive therein a nail member head portion 230 . The block member 502 is slide along the frame side rail 203 until the head portion is contained within the side pocket 514 . After the head portion is disposed in the side pocket, the screw is rotated in the opposite direction (e.g., counterclockwise) thereby causing the screw to rotate in an upwardly direction drawing the notched bottom surface of the side pocket into contact with the bottom surface of the head portion. When the notched bottom surface of the side pocket 514 engages the bottom surface of the head portion, continued rotation of the screw member 506 also causes the head portion to be moved upwardly. In this way, the pointed end of the shaft portion is withdrawn from the hone or bony structure.
¶109In more particular embodiments, the block member 502 and the slotted passage 512 therein are formed such that a portion of the block member is disposed over an end portion of the end rail of the frame 203 . This establishes a configuration whereby the pulling load is applied between two support points, thereby minimizing the potential for tipping of the nail member removal device 500 due to unbalanced force couples.
¶110As indicated herein, prior to use of the drilling capabilities of the drilling assembly 100 of the present invention, the nail members are driven into contact with the constricted regions of the first path guards 204 and into engagement with the bone or bony structure or spine. This driving of the nail members can be accomplished using any of a number of techniques or devices known those skilled in the art. Tn particular embodiments of the present invention, and with reference to FIG. 12 there is shown a side view with a partial cut-away of a nail member drive tool 600 according to the present invention.
¶111The drive tool 600 is a generally cylindrical member having a blind hole 602 or aperture in one end thereof. The blind hole 602 is sized so as to receive therein a head portion 230 of a nail member 206 . The drive tool 600 is constructed so that an impact load, such as that imparted by a hammer, at the opposite end 604 thereof drives the nail member 206 disposed in the blind hole 602 . In further embodiments, the blind hole 602 also is sized so as to generally prevent the tool from slipping off the head portion. In yet further embodiments, the depth of the blind hole 602 is set so that the bottom surface of the head portion 230 remains a predetermined distance above the frame top surface 210 a so as to allow the head portion to be later received in the side pocket of the screw member 506 of the nail member removal device 500 .
¶112As indicated herein the drilling apparatus 100 of the present invention is adaptable for use for forming recesses or holes in bones, bony structures or the spine of a mammalian body. The following describes the use of the drilling apparatus in connection with two different techniques (i.e., anterior approach and medial approach) for forming a recess or an aperture in adjacent vertebral bodies of a spine. Although the following discussion specifically refers to the drilling apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 it shall be understood that the below described techniques can be used in conjunction with the drilling apparatus 1000 , 100 a shown in FIGS. 17-18 as well as other embodiments of such apparatuses 100 , 100 a , 1000 . Referring now to FIGS. 13A-L there is shown a series of views illustrating the process for the anterior approach. Reference shall also be made to FIGS. 1-11 and 17-18 and the discussion related thereto for features and functions not provided in the following discussion.
¶113The area of concern is exposed by a surgeon using one of a transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach, as shown in FIG. 13A and a discectomy is performed at the level to be instrumented and immobilized. After placing a support (e.g., a femoral ring allograft) in the disc space, lateral stabilization is performed (see FIG. 13B ).
¶114The drilling apparatus frame 202 is aligned such that it is vertical in an anteroposterior orientation and placed as far lateral as possible on the anterolateral aspect of the vertebrae across the operative level. Temporary placement pins 700 are driven into the vertebral cortex to hold the frame 202 in place while creating the channel or recess. In addition, the present invention contemplates the addition of a second path guard 204 b that extends between the first path guards 204 . The second path guard 204 b is arcuate or curved having a radius that generally corresponds to the path of the drill bit 410 . The second path guide 204 b also is configured so as to extend outwardly from the vertebral cortex so as to provide a barrier between the drill bit travel path and tissues, nerves and blood vessels proximal the site. The second path guard 204 b is constructed of similar materials as the first path guards 204 . See FIGS. 13D-E .
¶115When the frame 202 is positioned in the intended fashion, the pivot arm assembly 300 is located and secured within the frame 202 , thereby also securing the drill assembly 200 in the frame. See FIG. 13E . The drive motor 20 or drive motor assembly is then secured to the adapter 414 . The pivot arm 302 is then positioned so the drill assembly/drill bit is in the starting position so the channel or recess can be cut. See FIG. 13F .
¶116The drill motor 20 is started so as to cause the drill bit 410 to rotate at the desired speed and power, and the pivot arm 302 is rotated about the pivot point thereby causing the drill bit 410 to rotate in a predetermined direction in a downward, circular path as dictated by the frame and the pivot arm. The resulting cut should be made immediately adjacent to the lateral vertebral surface. This cut is complete when the drill bit 410 reaches the disc space as shown in FIG. 13G .
¶117Once the first half of the channel is cut, and with the drive motor 20 turned off and/or disconnected from the adapter 414 , the pivot arm is rotated in the opposite direction to return it to the starting position, where the pivot arm assembly 300 can be removed from the frame 202 . After removing the pivot arm assembly 300 from the frame 202 , the pivot arm assembly is flipped to the opposites side of the frame and reconnected to the frame. In this way, a matching channel can be cut into the other vertebra adjacent to the operative level. See FIG. 13H . As with the first cut, the drive motor 20 is turned on and the pivot arm rotated so the drill bit 410 follows a downward, circular path. After the second half of the channel has been cut, the pivot arm is returned to the starting position and the pivot arm assembly 300 is removed from the frame 202 . See FIGS. 13I-J .
¶118The temporary placement pins 700 are removed from the vertebral bodies and the frame 202 is removed from the operative site (see FIG. 13K ) and a standard osteotome chisel can be used to remove any remaining bone from the channel edges so that the channel is open to receive or accept the curved rod.
¶119Now with reference with FIGS. 14A-D there is shown the process for placing, positioning and attaching or implanting a curved rod 800 , including those described in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The curved rod 800 is positioned in the channel and secured to the vertebral bodies using interlocking screws 802 , 804 that traverse the rod and penetrate the vertebra at an angle that will avoid sensitive neurologic structures. The screws hold the curved rod 800 in place and stabilize the motion segment to facilitate healing of the bone within the disc space.
¶120Two lateral screws 802 pass through the lateral holes of the curved rod and set on the lateral surface of the implant. The two end screws 804 are passed through the open ends of the curved rod and each is inserted until the screw head is contained within the hollow of the implant. The lateral and end screws are inserted using for example a Cardan screwdriver 806 . As shown in FIGS. 14C-D the curved rod is now securely in place in either of the recess ( FIG. 14C ) or a surface-mounted configuration ( FIG. 14D ).
¶121Referring now to FIGS. 15A-H there is shown a series of views illustrating the process for the medial approach. Reference shall also be made to FIGS. 1-11 and 17-18 and the discussion related thereto as well as for FIGS. 13-14 for features and functions not provided in the following discussion. As above, the area of concern is exposed by a surgeon using the appropriate technique and the drilling apparatus frame 202 is aligned such that it is vertical in an anteroposterior orientation and placed as far midline as possible on the anterior aspect of the vertebrae across the operative level. The pointed ends of the nail members 206 are then driven through the platform frame 202 and the first path guards 204 so as to be driven into the vertegral cortex to hold the frame in place while cutting the channel or through aperture. See FIG. 15A-B .
¶122The pivot arm assembly 300 is then secured to the frame 202 and thereby also securing the drill assembly to the frame. The drive motor 20 also is coupled to the drill assembly 300 via the adapter 414 See FIG. 15C . The pivot arm 302 is then rotated until the drill bit 410 and the pivot arm are in the start position, whereat the drill motor 20 is started. Sec FIG. 15D . The pivot arm is rotated so as to cause the drill bit to travel in a downward circular path thereby making cuts in the vertebral body. In the case where, the first cut does not cut a complete channel or through aperture, the pivot arm assembly is detached from the frame, flipped, reconnected to the frame and the cutting process described above is repeated until the rest of the channel or through aperture has been cut. See FIGS. 15D-F .
¶123There is shown in FIG. 15I , a illustrative view of adjacent vertebral bodies with the drilling apparatus 100 of the present invention mounted thereon. As illustrated, the arrangement of the drilling apparatus 100 of the present invention is such that the drilling bit follows a fixed path established by the configuration of the drilling apparatus 100 . In this way, a maximum or fixed cutting depth also is set or established by the configuration of the drilling apparatus 100 .
¶124After the complete channel or through aperture is out in the adjacent vertebral bodies, the pivot arm assembly 300 and the drill assembly 400 are detached from the frame 202 and the nail members 206 are removed from the vertebral bodies and the frame or platform assembly 200 is removed from the operative site. As indicated herein, removal of the nail members 206 can be accomplished using the nail member removal device 500 of the present invention. The above process yields a channel opening or through aperture in both vertebral bodies that can accept the curved rod 800 . See FIGS. 15G-H .
¶125It should be recognized that it is within the scope of the present invention to cut a channel through or partially through one of the vertebral bodies. Thus, the foregoing process is adaptable for accomplishing this by limiting rotational movement such that a channel is not cut completely through one of the vertebral bodies.
¶126Now with reference to FIGS. 16A-C there is shown the process for placing, positioning and attaching or implanting a curved rod 800 , including those described in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The curved rod 800 is inserted into the channel and manipulated so that the curved rod is submerged along the midline of the vertebra (see FIGS. 16A-B ). The curved rod 800 is now secured to the vertebral bodies using interlocking screws 804 that traverse the rod and penetrate the vertebra at an angle that will avoid sensitive neurologic structures. The screws hold the curved rod 800 in place and stabilize the motion segment to facilitate healing of the bone within the disc space.
¶127Two end screws 804 are passed through the open ends of the curved rod and each is inserted until the screw head is contained within the hollow of the implant. The screws are inserted using for example a Cardan screwdriver 806 .
¶128It should be recognized, and as taught in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, the curved rods 800 can be configured so as to include fenestration or surface artifacts that secure the curved rod within the channel without the retaining screws 804 are described above or in addition to such retaining screws.
¶129As indicated herein, the drilling apparatus of the present invention is adaptable for use in a wide range of spinal repair procedures including but not limited to a repair procedure for an intervertebral disk 5 ( FIG. 19A ,B). Although the following discussion refers to the drilling apparatus 100 according to one aspect/embodiment of the present invention, it is contemplated that any of the drilling apparatuses herein described are adaptable for use to perform such a disk repair procedure. Also, it is contemplated that a disk repair procedure according to the present invention also can be accomplished using any of the devices, apparatuses or mechanisms described in and as taught in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265.
¶130Referring now to FIGS. 19A-B , there is shown a drilling apparatus 100 mounted/secured upon a spine, more specifically adjacent vertebrae 2 , Step 2000 . Such mounting and securing is accomplished using the methods and techniques for doing so as described herein. Reference shall be made to FIGS. 1-9 and the discussion related thereto, for further details of the drilling apparatus not provided below. Reference also should be made to the process flow diagram illustrated in FIG. 20 .
¶131In further embodiments, the drill bit 410 of the drilling apparatus 100 and related components are selected so that the channel, passage or hole 3 in the adjacent vertebrae 2 is sized so as to provide a desired access to the nucleus for carrying out the repair procedure. For example, the hole 3 may be one size if a fluid or gel is to be injected into the nucleus, whereas it may be made larger if a prosthetic or device is to be inserted through the hole so as to reside in the area within the annulus for the disk nucleus.
¶132After the drilling apparatus 100 is so mounted, the surgeon would manipulate the drill bit so as to cause it to rotate and create a curved or arcuate hole 3 in the adjacent vertebrae and into the disk 5 , Step 2002 . Such a drilling operation advantageously minimizes penetration of the vertebral endplates. Also, the drill as it follows the predetermined curved or arcuate path penetrates the vertebral end plates at essentially a right angle, thereby creating a circular defect. In contrast, the straight drill used in conventional techniques would penetrate the end plate at an angle thereby causing a larger elliptical shaped defect. The near perpendicular access created by the drilling apparatus of the present invention also minimizes trauma and/or disruption to the natural nucleus material. In contrast, a straight drill would need to penetrate more deeply into the disc space to complete the access hole.
¶133In this regard it should be noted that while it is desirous to penetrate the nucleus of the disk, it should be recognized that it is possible that a portion of the annulus also may be drilled during the drilling procedure. Such an occurrence, however, shall not be construed as being unacceptable or outside the scope of the present invention.
¶134Following creating of the hole, the drill bit 410 is extracted or removed from the hole 3 thereby allowing the surgeon access to the hole and thus the nucleus of the disk to be repaired. In particular embodiments, the surgeon would remove the drilling apparatus 100 so as to provide clear access to the opening formed by the hole 3 , Step 2004 . Thereafter, the surgeon would perform the particulars of the disk repair/replacing/augmentation procedure, such as but not limited to removing nucleus material (Step 2006 ), delivery of the nucleus augmentation material, artificial disk and/or artificial nucleus (Step 2005 ) and plugging of the channel, passage or hole 3 made in the adjacent vertebrae 2 (Step 2010 ). The nucleus material can be removed using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art including but not limited to water jets, chemical agents such as Chymopapain chemonucleolysis, rongers and emulsification technology.
¶135Such augmentation material includes but is not limited to the devices, mechanisms and materials described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,093, U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,695 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,055 the teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference. Also, such delivery of the nucleus augmentation material, as well as such repair procedures, can include delivery and positioning of an annulus closure mechanism or device to seal or retain the artificial disc, nucleus and/or nucleus augmentation material or provide a closure for a defect in the annulus (such as but no limited to the devices described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,425,919 and 6,593,625, the teaching of which are incorporated herein by reference). As is known to those skilled in the art, when the annulus becomes damaged a defect is formed in the annulus that allows the nucleus for example, to cause the disk to bulge in a given direction. In addition, to delivery of nucleus or annulus repair and augmentation materials, it also is contemplated that drugs, medicaments, or other treatment materials can be delivered to the disk 5 , vertebrae 2 or other element of the body.
¶136The plugging of the hole 3 is accomplished using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to the use of bone/bone graft material. It also is contemplated that an arcuate rod as herein described also can be used to plug the hole 3 . Thus, the plugging of the hole 3 becomes a relatively straightforward procedure. Also, the plugging should advantageously create a relatively smooth surface at the end plate and the load forces on the vertebral end plate will be perpendicular to the access hole. Such plugging is particularly advantageous as compared to some conventional techniques as defects in the annulus do not heal; whereas defects in the bone (e.g., the vertebral body) can be plugged with bone, metal, etc. and the bone heals around the plug.
¶137It should be recognized that the drilling apparatus, methods and systems of the present invention can be used anteriorally or posteriorally and so that the drill bit of such systems or apparatuses can penetrate or enter the vertebral body through the pedicles.
¶138Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims.